Effects of Acetylation on the Micromeritics of Yam (Dioscorea sp.) Starch Powder for Pharmaceutical Application
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Starch constituents contributes to its intrinsic and binding properties. Native starch is insoluble in cold water and tends to undergo uncontrolled viscosity (pasting) on application of heat. These inherent weaknesses of native starch powders have been modified through thermal and chemical processes such as acetylation, acylation, carboxymethylation, oxidation and pregelatinization
Objectives: Effect of acetylation on micromeritics of starch from five yam varieties grown in Jamaica was investigated.
Methods: Native starch pre-treated with pyridine was reacted with acetic anhydride and acetylation process was monitored with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and by volumetric titration of the hydrolyzed starch acetate. Particle size and size distribution were determined microscopically and the mean diameter (dp) was treated to the Edmundson's equation to obtain various derived size parameters.
Results: Yield of starch acetates ranged from 93.18 to 113.96% of different native starch varieties. Presence of a distinct peak in the ester range (1750-1735 cm-1) indicates acetylation and the degree of substitution was between 0.15±0.01 and 0.33±0.03. Starches from different yam varieties differ significantly (p<0.05) in specific surface area, particle mass, density, together with particle shape. These parameters could be used to distinguish starch acetates of different botanic sources. Correlation of degree of substitution with the amylose content and the specific surface area suggests that the amylose content contributed more significantly to the degree of the substitution than the effective surface area of the starch.
Conclusion: Acetylation resulted in significant changes of the micromeritics of varieties of native yam (Dioscorea sp.) starch powders and may impact formulation compressibility, fluidity, mixing and homogeneity.
Key words: acetylation, yam starch varieties, amylose content, micromeritics.
Downloads
Article Details
How to Cite
Share
References
Evans WC A Textbook of Pharmacognosy 3rd ed., Bailliere, Tindall and Cassell, London, 1996, pp. 200 -204.
Murphy P, Starch in: Phillips GO, Williams PA (Eds.), Handbook of Hydrocolloids, Crane Russk Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2000, pp. 41-65.
Riley CK, Wheatley AO, Hassan I, Ahmad MH, Morrison EYStA, Asemota HN In vitro digestibility of raw starches extracted from five yam (Dioscorea spp.) species grown in Jamaica.Starch/Stärke 2004, 56, 69-73.
Morrison WR Starch lipids and how they relate to starch granule structure and functionality. Cereal Foods World, 1995, 40, 437-446.
Li JY, Yeh AI Relationships between thermal, rheological characteristic and swelling power for various starches. J. Food Engineering, 2001, 50, 141-148.
Morrison WR, Gadan, H The amylose and lipid contents of starch granules in developing wheat endosperm. J. Cereal Sci., 1987, 5, 437-446.
Morrison WR, Scott DC, Karkalas, J. Variation in the composition and physical properties o f barley starches. Starch/Staerke, 1986, 38:374-379
Morrsion WR, Tester RF, Snape CE, Law RV, Gidley MJ Swelling and gelatinisation of cereal starches. IV. Some effects of lipid complexed amylose and free amylose in waxy and normal barley starches. Cer. Chem. 1993, 70: 385-391.
Betancur AD, Chel GL, Cañizares, EC Acetylation and characterization of Canavalia ensiformis starch, J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 378-382.
Wang X, Gao WY, Zhang L, Xiao P, Yao L, Liu Y, Li K, Xie W Study on the morphology, crystalline structure and thermal properties of yam starch acetates with different degrees of substitution Science in China Series B: Chemistry 2008, pp859-865
Visavarungroj N, Herman J, Remon JPCrosslinked starch as binding agent: I. Conventional wet granulation Int. J. of Pharmace, 1990, 59, 73-78
K i t t i p o n g p a t a n a N , J a n t a S , Kittipongpatana O. Preparation of cross-inked carboxymethy jackfruit starch and evaluation as a tablet disintegrant Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 2 4 , 415 – 420.
Brouillet F, Bataille B, Cartilier L High amylose sodium carboxymethyl starch matrices for oral, sustained drugrelease: Formulation aspects and in vitro drug-releaseevaluation, Int. J. Pharmace., 2008, 356, 52-60
Elomaa M, Tomas A, Soininen P,Laatikainen R, Peltonen S, Hyvärinen S , Urtti A Determination of the degree of substitution of acetylated starch by hydrolysis, 1H NMR and TGA/IR, Carb Poly. 2004, 57, 261-267.
Xu Y, Miladinov V, Hanna MA Synthesis and characterization of starch acetates with high substitution. Cereal Chemistry 2004, 81, 735-740.
Emiola LO, Delarosa LC Physicochemical characteristics of yam starch. J. Food Biochem. 1981, 5: 115 – 130
Riley CK, Adebayo AS, Wheatley AO, Asemota HN The interplay between yam (Dioscorea sp.) starch botanical source, micromeritics and functionality in paracetamol granules for reconstitution Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2008, 70, 326-334
Wang X, Gao, WY, Zhang LM, Xiao PG, Yao, LP, Liu, Y, Ll, KF, Xie, WG, Study on the morphology, crystalline structure and thermal properties of yam starch acetates with different degrees of substitution. Science in China Series B: Chemistry, 2008, 51, 859-865.
Adebayo AS, Itiola OA Properties of starches obtained from Colocasia esculenta and Artocarpus communis. Nig. J. Nat. Prod.Med. 1998, 2, 29-33.
Riley CK, Adebayo AS, Wheatley AO, Asemota HN Fundamental and derived properties of yam (Dioscorea spp.) starch powders and implications in tablet and capsule formulation .Starch/Stärke 2006, 58, 418-424.
Ege SN, Molecular vibrations and absorption frequencies in the Infrared region, in: Hamann, KP., Williams, J., Wise, K., Merrill, L., (Eds.) Organic chemistry structure and reactivity, 3rd ed., D. C. Heath and Company, 1994, p p . 378-382.
de Graaf RA, Lammers G, Janssen LPBM, Beenackers AACM Quantitative analysis of chemically modified starches by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Starch / Stärke 1995, 47,469-475.
Van der Burgt YEM, Bergsma J, Bleeker IP, Mijland PJHC, van der Kerk-van Hoof A, Kamerling JP, V liegent hart J FG , 2000.“Structural Studies on Methylated Starch Granules.” Starch/Stärke, 2000, 52: 40-43. Florence, A.T. Analysis of drugs in the solid state, In: Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Beckett, A.H. and Stanlake, J.B. (Eds.) 3rd ed., Vol. 2, 1984, CBS, India pp.41-74.
Sinko PJ, Martin AN (Eds.), Martin's Physical Pharmacy an Pharmaceutical Sciences 6th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, 2011, pp.442.
de Graaf RA, Broekroelofs A, Janssen LPBM The acetylation of starch by reactive extrusion. Starch 1998, 50, 198-205.
Zhang Z, Law Y Chakrabarti S Physical properties and compact analysis of commonly used direct compression binders. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2003, 4, Article 62.
Moorthy SN Acetylation of cassava starch using perchloric acid catalysis . Starch/Stärke 1985, 37, 307-308.
Twitchell A Mixing, in: ME. Aulton, (Ed.), Aulton'sPharmaceutics-the design and manufacture of medicines, Churchill Livingstone, UK, 2008, pp. 152 - 167
Bello-Perez LA, Contreras-Ramos, SM., Jimenez-Aparico, A., Paredes- Lopez, O., Acetylation and characterization of banana (Musa paradisiaca) starch. Acta Cientifica Venezolana 2000, 51, 143-149.
Staniforth JN, Aulton ME Particle sizeanalysis, in: Aulton, M.E. (Ed.), Aulton's Pharmaceutics - the design and manufacture of medicines, Churchill Livingstone, UK, 2008, pp. 121 - 136.
Raatikainen P, Korhonen O, Peltonen S,Paronen P Acetylation enhances the tabletting properties of starch. Drug D e v. Ind. Pharm. 2002, 28, 165-175.