Preservative efficacy of the combination of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae) and Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) in a cream formulation
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The search for so called green chemicals is on the increase. This is particularly important in antimicrobials, given the current trend in the development of antimicrobial resistance and the questions concerning the possible carcinogenic effect of traditional cosmetic preservatives like the parabens. Objectives: This study is aimed at investigating the combined antimicrobial properties of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus sinensis peels, and to evaluate their preservative efficacy in aqueous creams.
Methods: The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated using the disc agar diffusion method while their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by the agar dilution method. The combined antimicrobial effects of the essential oils were also evaluated using a modified checkerboard method. Various decimal combinations of the oils were included informulatedcreams, and the physicochemical and microbiological stability (preservative activities) of the creams assayed.
Results: Antimicrobial screening showed thatC. citratus and C. sinensis both had strong antifungal activities against the species tested but have variable antibacterial activities against different bacterial species. All the decimal combinations of the essential oils had synergistic effects against the studied bacteria as shown by the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index against the various test isolates. The results of the challenge tests revealed that the oils produced significant reduction of the microbial inocula, satisfying the criterion A of the European Pharmacopoeia.
Conclusions: Due to the stability and preservative efficacy of essential oils of C. citratus and C. sinensis, they could be useful adjuvants in creams for topical application as antimicrobial agent to minimize microbial contamination caused by these organisms in multidose cream formulations.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Share
References
Barry BW. (1983). Formulation of dermatological vehicles. In: Barry BW (editor): Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption. Mercel Dekker, Inc.; New York, pp. 296-350.
Billany M. (2002). Suspensions and emulsions. In: Aulton ME (editor): Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design. Churchill Livingstone; New York. pp. 334-359.
Flynn GL. (1990). Topical Drug Absorption and Topical Pharmaceutical Systems. In: Banker GS, Rhodes CT, (Eds.), Modern Pharmaceutics. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 298-302.
Allen LV, Popovich NG, Ansell HC. (2005). Semi-solid dosage forms and transdermal systems: ointments, creams, and gels. In: Allen LV, Popovich NG, Ansel HC (Eds), Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 276-297.
Bloomfield SF. (1990). Microbial contamination: spoilage and hazard. In: Danyer S, Baird R (Eds.), Guide to Microbiological Controlin Pharmaceuticals. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. pp.29–52.
Wong S, Street D, Delgado SI, Klontz KC (2000). Recalls of foods and cosmetics due to microbial contamination reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Journal of Food Protection 63: 1113–1116
Johnson C, Lods L, Scholz D, Dres C, Dashnaw RA, Linstra L, Brooks G (2000). Maintaining the integrity of cosmetic formulations via the utilization of endogenous signal molecules from plants. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech (11): 23-25.
Seo SB, Ryu CS, Ahn GW, Kim HB, Jo BK, Kim SH, Lee JD, Kajiuchi T (2002) Development of natural preservative system using the mixture of chitosanInula helenium L. extract. International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 24: 195–206.
Heath HB (1981). Source book of flavours. Westport, Connecticut AVI. Pp. 560-570.
Iwu WM, Duncan AR, Okunji CO (1999). New antimicrobials of plant origin In: Janick J (Eds.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses.
Alexandria: ASHS Press, pp. 457-462.
Cheel J, Theoduloz C, Rodríguez J and SchmedaHirschmann G. (2005). Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53: 2511-2517.
Halberstein RA (2012). Botanical medicines for diuresis: cross cultural comparisons In: Atta-UrRahman (Eds.). Studies in natural product
chemistry. Elsevier. Pp 31
Lawless J (1995). Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Essential Oil: The Complete Guide to use of Oil in Aromatherapy and Herbalism. Element Books:Rockport, MA, pp. 56-67.
Caccioni DRL, Guizzardi M. Biondi DM, Renda A, and Ruberto G (1998). Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on Peniccilium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 43 (1-2): 73-79
Aibinu I, Adenipekun T, Adelowowtan T, Ogunsanya T and Odugbemi T (2007). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of different parts of Citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit) as used locally. Africa Journal of Traditional Contemporary and Alternative medicine 2: 185-190.
Lis-balchin M, Hart S (1999). Studies on the mode of action of the Essential Oil Lavender. phytotherapy Research 13: 540-542.
Reische DW, Lillard DA, Eitenmiller RR (1998). Antioxidants in food lipids. In CC Ahoh and DB Min (Eds.), Chemistry, Nutrition and Biothecnology, New York: Marcel Dekker Pp. 423-448.
Harbone JB (1998). Essential oils In: Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques in plant analysis. 3rd ed. Chapman & Hall, PA, USA. pp. 110-124.
Lemma H, Debella A, Addis G, Kunert O, Geyid A, Teka F, Yersaw K (2002). Antibacterial activity of Plumbago zeylenicaL. roots on some pneumonia causing pathogens. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 25: 285-294.
Bauer A, Kirby WMM, Sherric JC and Turck N (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology (45): 493-496.
Smith MD and Navilliat PL (1997). A new protocol for antimicrobial testing of oils. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 28: 21-24.
Prudent D, Perineau F, Bessiere JM, Michel GM, Baccou JC (1995). Analysis of the essential oil of wild oregano from Martinique (Coleus aromaticus Benth.): Evaluation of its bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties. Journal of Essential Oil Research 7:165–173.
Bonapace CR, Bosso JA, Friedrich LV, White RL (2002). Comparison of methods of interpretation of checkerboard synergy testing. Diagnostic, Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 44(4): 363-366
British Pharmacopoeia. (2003). Her Majesty Stationery office, Vol. 2; London. Pp. 1905- 2010.
Rios JL, Recio MC, Villar A (1988). Screening methods for natural antimicrobial products with antimicrobial activity: a review of the literature. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 23:127– 149.
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. (1996). Efficacy of Antimicrobial Preservation. Group of Experts No. 1CM (Microbial Contamination). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Chanthaphon S, Chanthachum S, Hongpattarakere T (2008). Antimicrobial activities of essential oils and crude extracts from tropical Citrus spp. againstfood related microorganisms. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 30 (Suppl. 1): 125-131.
Shahidi F, Wanasundara PKJPD, Hong C. (1992). Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in meat model systems. In: CT Ho, CY Lee, MT Huang (Eds) Phenol compounds in food and their effects on health 1. ACS Symposium Series vol 506; American Chemical Society., Washington, DC, Pp. 214-222.
Abu-Seif FA, Abdel-Fattah SHM, Abo Sreia YH, Shaaban HA, Ramadan MM (2009). Antifungal properties of some medicinal plants against
undesirable and mycotoxin-producing fungi. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Mansuora University 34: 1745-1756
Patker KI, Usha CM, Shetty SH, Paster N, Lacey J (1993). Effect of spice oils on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillusflavus. Letters in Applied Microbiology 17: 49-51.
Espina L, Somolinos M, Loran S, Conchello P, Garcia D, Pangan R (2011). Chemical composition of commercial citrus fruit essential oils and evaluation of their antimicrobial property acting alone or in combined processes. Food Control 22(6): 890-902.
Aberkane A, Cuena-Estrella M (2002). Comparative evaluation of two different mehods of inoculum preparation on the antifungal susceptibility testing of filamemtous fungi. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 50(6): 719-722.
Toure D, Bikoffi F, Kouame P, BediG, Joseph A, Guessennd N, Oussou R, Chalchit J, Dosso M, Tonzibo F (2014). Effect of geographical location on antibacterial activity of essential oil from Ivoirian Chromolaena odorata (L). R.M. King and Robinson (Asteraceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytotherapy 6(6): 70-78
McCalley D, Torres-Grifol JF (1992). Analysis of volatiles in good and bad conditions by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass
spectrophotometer. Analyst. 117: 721-725
Janssen AM, Scheffer JJC, Baerheim SA (1986). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: A 1976-1986 literature review. Aspects of test methods. Planta Medica 53: 395-398.
Helal GA, Sarhan MM, Abu Shahla ANK and El-Khai EKA (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against microorganisms deteriorating fruit juices. Mycobiology 34: 219-229.
Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU, Esimone CO, Nwodo NM (2004). Antimicrobial properties of leaf extract of Dissotis theifolia (Melastomateceae). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (1): 173-178.
Tallarida RJ. (2001) Drug synergism: Its detection and applications. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 298 (3): 865-872
Matasyoh JC, Kiplimo JJ, Karubiu NM, Hailstorks TP (2007). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Saturejabiflora (Lamiaceae). Bulletin of Chemical Society of Ethiopia 21(2): 249-254
Djilani A, Dicko A (2012). The therapeutic benefits of essential oils, nutrition, well being and health, Dr. Jaouad Bouayed (Ed), InTech, available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/nutritionwell-being-and-health/the-therapeutic-benefitsof-essential-oils.
Orafidiya LO, Oyedele AO, Shittu AO, Elujoba AA (2001). The formulation of an effective topical antibacterial product containing Ocimum
gratissimum leaf essential oil. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 22 (4): 177–183