Cost of undergraduate pharmacy training in Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Private costs of undergraduate pharmacy training have been on the rise as a result of economic crisis all over the world due to COVID 19, wars and problems peculiar to different nations.
Objectives: As a result, this study sought to determine the private costs of acquiring an undergraduate pharmacy degree in Nigeria and compare these costs across public and private universities.
Methods: The study was a descriptive survey of 1361 pharmacy students in 18 accredited pharmacy schools in Nigeria. Stratified random sampling was used to draw the sample from the population. Primary data was obtained with the use of a set of pretested questionnaires while secondary data was obtained from the administrative offices of the schools involved. Data were processed using frequencies, percentages, weighted averages and analysed with Chi square and ANOVA.
Results: The result showed the average cost of studying pharmacy in a private university for five years to be ₦6,620,942.90 ($16,088.21) and that of public universities to be ₦2,058,558.36 ($5,002.09). It also revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between public and private schools for costs of tuition (F (1,1360) =80142.57 (p =.000), feeding (F (1,1360) = 8.657 (p =.003)), health care (F (1,1360) = 197.866 (p =.000)), textbooks (F (1,1360) = 56.647 (p =.000)), laundry (F (1,1360) = 217.269 (p =.000)) and accommodation (F (1,1384) =3889.049 (p =.000)) per session.
Conclusion: The study showed that the cost of undergraduate pharmacy education in private universities was about three times more than in public universities. Cost components of studying pharmacy include feeding, health, textbooks, handouts, transportation, internet data plans, laundry, accommodation, and tuition.
Downloads
Article Details
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Archibald R, Feldman D (2012). The Anatomy of College Tuition. The American Council on Education, 1-20. Available at:
https://www.acenet.edu/Documents/Anatomy-of-College-Tuition.pdf. Accessed November 15, 2022
Riley RW, Robinson SP, Griffith JE. (n.d.). The Cost of Higher Education. National Centre for Education Statistics. US Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement. 1-22. Available at: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs/96769.pdf. Accessed October 26, 2022.
Blagg K, Blom E (2018). Evaluating the Return on Investment in Higher Education: An Assessment of Individual and State-Level Returns. Urban Institute 1: 20. Available at: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99078/evaluating_the_return_on_investment_i
n_higher_education.pdf. Accessed June 12, 2021.
Njoroge SN (2013). Influence of Hidden Costs in Education on Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Gatanga District, Kenya
[University of Nairobi]. Available at: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/56010/Njoroge_Influence%20of%20hidden%2
costs%20in%20education.pdf?sequence=3andisAllowed=y. Accessed June 12, 2021
UNESCO Education Sector (2020). Right to education handbook. Paris: UNESCO and Right to education. Available at:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366556. Accessed January 10, 2022.
Doctorly (n.d.): Cost vs reward of a pharmacist education. Available at: https://doctorly.org/cost-vs-reward-of-a-pharmacist-education. Accessed January 15, 2021
Pharm.D. Tuition Trends. (2016). In Tableau Public. AACP - Office of Institutional Research and Effectiveness. Available at:
https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/aacpdata/viz/Pharm_D_TuitionTrends/TuitionData. Accessed July 15, 2022.
Donnelly D (2015). Determinants of College Enrollment in the State of Illinois. 29. Available at: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1876andcontext=gs_rp. Accessed October 20, 2021
Ulbrich TR, Kirk LM (2017). It's Time to Broaden the Conversation About the Student Debt Crisis Beyond Rising Tuition Costs. American Journal Pharmaceutical Education 81(6): a101. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe816101
Nigeria Inflation Rate (October 2022 Data) 1996 -2021. (2022). Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/inflation-
cpi. Accessed November 12, 2022
Cain J, Campbell T, Congdon HB, Hancock K, Kaun M, Lockman PR, Evans L (2014). Complex Issues Affecting Student Pharmacist Debt. American Journal Pharmaceutical Education 78(7): a131. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe787131
Sasabowski MH, Gard PR (2009). Pharmacy Education in the United Kingdom. American Journal Pharmaceutical Education 72(6): a130.
https://doi.org/10.5688/aj7206130
The University of Manchester. MPharm Pharmacy overview. https://www.manchester.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/2022/01695/mpharm-pharmacy/. Accessed June 10, 2022.
University of Birmingham. MPharm Pharmacy (4- year). Available at: https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/med/pharmacy-4-year.aspx. Accessed June 10, 2022.
Johnson JL, Spivey CA, Chisholm-Burns M (2021). Comparison of Black Student Enrollment in US Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy, Medicine, and Dentistry. American Journal Pharmaceutical Education 85(9), 8493. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8493
Opendoors. New international student enrolment, (2021). Available at: https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/new-international-students-enrollment/. Accessed June 12, 2022 130 West African Journal of Pharmacy (2023) 34 (2)
Bailey B (2021). Nigerians' enrollment in US universities hits 3yr low (thousands). Business Day. Available at:
https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigerians-enrolment-in-us-universities-hits-3yr-low/. Accessed October 20, 2022.
Debande O (2004). A Review of Instruments for Student Loans in Tertiary Education. European Journal of Education 39(2), 161-190.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1503882
Al-Suwailem AK (2021). Effect of the Pharmacy Staff Shortage on the Medication Safety. Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 9(2): 54-77. https://doi.org/10.15739/ibspr.21.007
Okebukola P (2002). The Status of University Education in Nigeria: A Report presented to the National Summit on Higher Education, Abuja: March 11-16.
Ofem IB, Akinyemi S (2012). Private Cost of Bachelor's Degree Programs by Major Fields in Nigeria. Journal of Studies in Education 2(2): 255- 262. https://doi.org/10.5296/jse.v2i2.1621
Bukhari SA (2021). Sample Size Determination Using Krejcie and Morgan Table. Available at: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11445.19687.
Accessed October 21, 2019
Bailey C, Falls GA, Natke PA, Thompson PB (2008). Local Spending by Traditional College Students: A Descriptive Case Study. B-Quest. Available at: https://www.westga.edu/~bquest/2008/local08.pdf . June 12, 2021.
Abdul Razak F, Shariffuddin N, Mohd Padil H, Hanafi, N. (2017). Phenomenon Living in Off-Campus Accommodation among UiTM Students.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 7(6): 786-796.
Auta A, Banwat SB, Sariem CN, Shalkur D, Nasara B, Atuluku MO. (2012). Medicines in Pharmacy Students' Residence Self-medication Practices. Journal of Young Pharmacists 4(2): 119-123. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.96627
Osakwe T, Ahunanya S (2012). Private Universities in Nigeria: Emergent Realities and Coping Strategies. Journal of Emerging Trends in
Educational Research and Policy Studies 3(5): 695- 700. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Private-Universities-in-Nigeria%3A-Emergent-Realities-Ahunanya/542642800ac2ea64b6524e21e4906355cb6f4506
UNESCO IIEP. (2022). Education in emergencies; The challenge of reconstruction. International Institute for Educational Planning 20(3): 1-5. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192877. Accessed January 10, 2022.
Mattingly TJ, Ulbrich TR (2017). Evaluating the Changing Financial Burdens for Graduating Pharmacists. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 81(7): a5990. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8175990
Anetoh MU, Jibuaku CH, Nduka O, Uzodinma SU (2017). Knowledge and implementation of Tertiary Institutions' Social Health Insurance Program 131 West African Journal of Pharmacy (2023) 34 (2) (TISHIP) in Nigeria; a case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Pan African Medical Journal 28: 171. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.171.11379
BudgIt (2019). Proposed 2019 Budget Analysis. Available at:. www.yourbudgit.com. Accessed October 5, 2019.
Chingos MM (2017). Don't forget private, non- profit colleges. Evidence Speaks 2(9): 1-9. ttps://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/20
/02/es_20170216_chingos_evidence_speaks.pdf