Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practices of pharmacy professionals towards reporting adverse drug reactions in Sierra-Leone
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Knowledge of reporting adverse drug reactions by health professionals remains unresolved.
Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of practicing pharmacy professionals to the reporting of adverse drug reaction (ADR) as well as evaluate the factors that influence ADR reporting in Sierra-Leone.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 practicing pharmacy professionals using a pretested questionnaire which elicited appropriate responses on the objectives of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. The relationship between KAP of ADR reporting and demographic variables was analyzed with the chi-square statistics at P < .05 level of significance.
Results: The response rate was 90%. There was no significant difference between knowledge of ADR reporting and qualification of respondents (x2 =2.6, P=0.59). There was a significant difference (x2 =3.5, P=0.003) between years of practice of respondents, and knowledge of ADR reporting. There were significant differences between the practice areas of respondents, with knowledge (x2 =4.2, P=0.001) and number (98/135; x2 =2.65, P=0.006) of ADRs reported. The difference in mean score of respondents (1.90±1.35) mean±SD that felt ADR reporting should be compulsory and those who felt otherwise (3.58±1.73) mean±SD 2 was significant (x =2.1, P=0.001). Result showed that factors influencing ADR activities were professional experience 101(74.8%), inadequate knowledge about ADRs 89 (65.9%) and access to ADR reporting forms.
Conclusions: The study revealed some knowledge gaps among practicing pharmacy professionals in the monitoring and reporting of ADRs in Sierra-Leone. This makes it imperative to design educational programmes on ADR activities for practicing pharmacy professionals in order to improve ADR reporting.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring, the Uppsala Monitoring Centre. Adverse reactions and adverse reaction
monitoring training course (2010). Available at http://www.who-umc.org/Dyn Page.aspx?Id=13140andmn=1514#6. (Accessed August 14, 2014).
A Center for Medication Safety and VHA Pharmacy Benefits Management Strategic Healthcare Group and Medication and Advisory Panel, (2006). Adverse drug events, Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors. Frequently asked Questions
Nebeker JR, Barach P, and Samore MH (2004). Clarifying Adverse Drug Events. A Clinician's Guide to Terminology, Documentation and
Reporting. Annals of Internal Medicine 140:795-801.
WHO(20 0 2 ). The importance of Pharmacovigilance. Safety Monitoring of Medical Products. WHO: Geneva.
Major E (2002). The Yellow Card Scheme and the role of pharmacists as reporters. Pharmaceutical Journal 269:25-26.
Olsson S (1999). National Pharmacovigilance Systems – Country Profiles and Overview. (2edn). Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala.
Grootheest Van kess (2004).Pharmacists' role in reporting ADRs in an international perspective, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
:457-464. Available at: http//www.interscience.wiley.com DOI:10.1002/ pds. 897.
Saarineen S (2003). Adverse Drug ReactionsComparison between Finland and the Netherlands. Masters' thesis, University of Kuopio, Kuopio.
Royal Pharmaceutical Society (2003).Adverse drug reaction reporting by pharmacists Available at http//www.rpsgb.org.uk.
Grooteest A C van, Edward IR (2002). Labeling and ''Dear Doctor” letters; Are they none committed? Drug Safety 25: 1051-1055.
Cox A (2002). Embracing ADR reporting could improve pharmacists standing. Pharmaceutical Journal 269-314
Lee A (2001). ADRs London: Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp.130-141
Harirforoosh S, and Jamali F (2009). The importance of including Topics Related to Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics and Medical Genetics in the Pharmacy Curriculum. Letter to the editor. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 73: (6) Article 114.
Moss RL, Carnett WR, and Sterner KC (1980). Physicians Attitudes towards Pharmacists Counseling Patients on Adverse Drug Reactions.
American Journal of Hospital Pharmacists 37:243-247
Tilson HH, Hartzema AG, and Porta MS (1998). Pharmacoepidemiology: The future in Pharmacoepidemiology: An introduction. Tilson HH; Hartzema AG, Porta MS (Eds.), Harvey Whitney Books Company: Cincinnati. pp. 222–34
Griffin JP (1996). Survey on the spontaneous adverse reactions reporting schemes in fifteen countries. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 12: 243-247.
Fincham JE (1989). Adverse drug reaction reporting and pharmacists. Journal of Clinical Pharmaco Therapy 14: 79-81
Lindquist M, Edwards IR (1993). Adverse drug reaction reporting and in Europe: Some problems of comparison. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 4: 35-36
Roberts PI, Wolfson DJ and Booth TG (1994). The role of pharmacists in adverse drug reporting. Drug Safety 11: 7-11
Rogers AS, Israel E, and Smith CR (1988). Physicians' knowledge, attitudes and behaviour related to reporting ADEs. Achieve of Internal Medicine 148: 1589-1592
Toklu HZ, and Uysal MK (2008). The knowledge and attitude of the Turkish community pharmacists towards Pharmacovigilance in the
Kadikoy district of Istanbul. Pharmacy World and Science 30: 556-562
Sweis D, and Wong ICK (2000). A survey on factors that could affect adverse drug reaction reporting according to hospital pharmacists in
Great Britain. Drug Safety 2:165-172.
Osemene KP, Ayeni MI, and Afolabi MO (2012). The role of community pharmacists in monitoring adverse drug reactions in Nigeria.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 3(4): 197-204. DOI 10. 1111/v: 1759-8893.
Central Intelligence Agency reports on SierraLeone (2014). Available at http//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfacebook/geos/sl.htm//top. Accessed 6th January, 2015).
Cochran WG (1977). Sampling Techniques 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Oshikoya KA and Awobusuyi JO (2009). Perceptions of doctors to adverse drug reaction reporting in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Clinical Pharmacology 9:14 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6904-9-14.
Chua GN, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, and Awaisu A (2010). A survey exploring knowledge and perceptions of general practitioners towards
the use of generic medicines in the northern state of Malaysia. Health Policy 95:229-235.
Green CF, Mottram DR, Rowe PH, and Pirmohamed M (2001). Attitudes and Knowledge of hospital pharmacists to adverse drug reaction reporting. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 5 (1):81-86.
McGettigan P, Golden J, Conroy RM, Arthur N, and Feely J (1997). Reporting of adverse drug reactions by hospital doctors and the response
to intervention. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 44:98-100.
Li Q, Zhang SM, Chen HT, Fang SP, Yu X, Liu D, Shi LY, and Zeng FD (2004). Awareness and attitudes of healthcare professionals in Wuhan,
China to the reporting of adverse drug reactions. Chinese Medical Journal 117:856-861.
Belton KJ, Lewis SC, Payne S, Rawlins MD, and Wood S (2011). Attitudinal survey of adverse drug reaction reporting by medical practitioners in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 39:223-226.
Bateman DN, Sanders GL, and Rawlins MD (1997). Attitudes to adverse drug reporting in the Northern Region. British Journal of Clinical
Pharmacology 52:423-427.
Scott HD, Thacher-Renshaw A, Rosenbaun SE, Waters WJ Jr, Green M, Andrews LJ, and Falch GA(1990). Physician reporting of adverse drug
reactions: results of the Rhode Island adverse drug reaction reporting project. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:1785-1788.
Lee KK, Chan TY, Raymond K and Critchley JA (1994). Pharmacists' attitudes towards adverse drug reaction reporting in Hong Kong. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 28:1400-1403.
FDA (1992). Guideline for post marketing reporting of adverse drug experiences. Department of Health and Human Services (85D-0249).
Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (1993). Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare organizations, Oakbrook Terrace, 111.
ASHP guidelines on adverse drug reaction monitoring and reporting (1992). Practice Standards of ASHP 1992-93. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD.
Standards of Practice (1990). Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists.
Marwick C (1997). At last a long sought opportunity for patient education about prescription drugs, 227 Journal of the American Medical Association 949.
Granas AG, Buajordet M, Stenberg-Nilsen, H and Harg, AM (2007). Pharmacist attitude towards the reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions in Norway. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 16:429-434.
Lawton R and Paker D (2002). Barriers to incident reporting in a healthcare system. Quality and Safety in Health Care 11:15-8.
Gupta P, and Udupa A (2011). Adverse drug reaction reporting and pharmacovigilance: Knowledge, attitude and perception among resident doctors. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research 3: 1064-9.
Subish P, Izham MM, and Mishra P (2008). Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practices on adverse drug reaction and pharmacovigilance among healthcare professionals in a Nepalese hospital: A preliminary study. Internet Journal of Pharmacology 6:1.
Ramesh M, and Parthasarati G (2009). Adverse drug reaction reporting: attitudes and perceptions of medical practitioners. Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2: 10-4.
Ghosah S, Ali S, Chhabra L, Prasad C, and Gupta A (2010). Investigation of attitudes and perception of medical practitioners on adverse
drug reaction reporting- a pilot study. The Pharma Research 3:1-9.
Inman WH (1996). Attitudes to adverse drugreaction reporting. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.41:433-5[PubMed: 8735688].
Chetna KD, Geetha I, Jigar P, Samidh S, and Dikshit RK (2011). An evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of adverse drug reaction
reporting among prescribers at a tertiary care hospital Perspective in Clinical Research 2(4): 129-136.
Lisha JJ, Mohamed A, Jenny C and Jayadevan S (2012). Reporting of adverse drug reactions: a study among clinicians. Journal of Applied
Pharmaceutical Science 22(6): 135-139.
Enwere OO and Fawole OI (2008). Adverse drug reactions reporting by physicians in Ibadan,Nigeria. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug
Safety 517:522.
Bello SO, and Umar MT (2011). Knowledge and attitude of physicians relating to reporting of adverse drug reactions in Sokoto, NorthWestern Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine 10:13-8.