In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of Boerhavia diffusa Linn on selected dermatophyte strains
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Dermatophytic infections have been considered to be a major public health problem. The emergence of recalcitrant dermatophytosis, coupled with resistance of dermatophytes to existing antifungal agents has necessitated the search for efficacious agents. Boerhavia diffusa is used as an ethnomedicinal plant.
Objective: To investigate the antidermatophytic activity of the extracts and ointment formulation of Boerhavia diffusa
Methods: Boerhavia diffusa leaves were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using a soxhlet apparatus. Fractionation of extracts was done using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography. Twelve dermatophyte isolates were used for the study. Agar well diffusion and broth microbroth dilution methods were used for the antifungal assay of extracts and fractions and to determine the minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations. Crude leaf extract was formulated into water based ointment at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/ml. Antidermatophytic activity of the ointment formulation was carried out using Wistar rats infected with Trychophyton rubrum ATCC 28188 and Epidermophyton flocossum. Haematological and histopathological evaluations of animals were carried out.
Results: MIC and MFC of extracts ranged between 1.56 mg/ml - 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml - 100 mg/ml respectively. The fractions showed highest inhibitory activities against Microsporum audouinii. Total clearance of infection with ointment formulation (1.5 mg/ml) was achieved in one of the infected groups while clearance by ketoconazole was achieved in all infected groups. Haematological studies revealed a significant increase in white blood cells of the infected animals after treatment. Histopathological studies showed moderate epidermal hyperplasia.
Conclusion: This study revealed that Boerhavia diffusa has antidermatophytic activities.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Guest PJ, Sam WM (1998). Dermatophyte and superficial fungi. Journal of Principle and practice Dermatology. New York p. 3-4.
Nweze EI, Eke I (2016). Dermatophytosis in Northern Africa. Mycoses, 59(3): 137-144.
Pfaller MA, Andes DR, Diekema DJ, Horn DL, Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Franks B, Azie NE (2014). Epidemiology and Outcomes of Invasive Candidiasis Due to Non-albicans Species of Candida in 2,496 Patients: Data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Registry 2004-2008. A peerreviewed, Open Access Journal.
Batawi MM, Arnaot H, Shoeib S, Bosseila M, El Fangari M, Helmy AS (2006). Prevalence of nondermatophyte molds in patients with abnormal nails. Egyptian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology. 2: 11-15.
Bharti S, Skarma N (2021). Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario -an updated analysis. Mycoses 64 (8): 890-908.
Klopper RR, Chatelain C, Bänninger V, Habashi C, Steyn HM, De Wet BC, Arnold TH, Gautier L, Smith GF, Spichiger R (2006). Checklist of the flowering plants of Sub-Saharan Africa. An index of accepted names and synonyms. South African Botanical Diversity Network Report No 42, SABONET, Pretoria.
African Plant Database, 2010 (version 3.3) African Plant Database Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and South African. National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria (2010) (http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/.
Nayak P, Thirunavoukkarasu M (2016). A review of the plant Boerhavia diffusa: its chemistry,pharmacology and therapeutical potential. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 5 (2):83-92.
Najam A, Akhilesh KS, Verma HN (2008). Ancient and modern medicinal potential of Boerhaavia diffusa and Clerodendrum aculeatum. Research in Environment and Life Sciences. 1(1): 1-4.
Sreeja, S. 2009. An in vitro study on antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 126(2): 221-225
Ujowundu CO, Igwe CU, Enemor LA, Nwaoguand LA,
Okafor OE (2008). Nutritive and anti-nutritive properties of Boerhavia diffusa and Commelina nudiflora leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7 (1): 90-92.
Olukoya DK, Idika N, Odugbemi T (1993). Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants from Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39 (1): 69-72.
Agrawal A, Srivastava S, and Srivastava MM (2003). Antifungal activity of Boerhavia diffusa against some dermatophytic species of Microsporum. Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin. 45-46 (1-4): 1-4.
Sangameswaran B, Balakrishnan N, Bhaskar VH, Jayakar B (2008). Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of leaves of Boerhavia diffusa L. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 65-68.
Kumar VP, Chauhan NS, Padh H, Rajani M (2006). Search for antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian medicinal plants1. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19; 107(2):182-8.
Coker ME, Adeleke OE, Ogegbo M (2015). Phytochemical and antifungal acvtivity of crude extracts, fractions and isolated triterpenoid from Ficus thonningii Blume. Nigeria Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 11(1): 74-83.
de Morais CB, Pedrazza GP, Scopel M, da Silva FK (2017). Anti-dermatophyte activity of Leguminosae plants from Southern Brazil with emphasis on Mimosa pigra (Leguminosae). Journal of Medical Mycology.27(4): 530-538.
Vinoth B, Manivasagaperumal R, Balamurugan S (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences 2 (3): 98-102.
Malgaldi S, Mata-Essayag S, Hartung de Capriles C, Colella MT, Olaizola C, Ontiveros Y (2004). Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing. International Journal Infect Dis. 8(1): 39-45.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2017). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. 3rd ed. Approved standard M38- ISBN 2162-2914.
Jessup CJ, Warner J, Isham N, Hasan I, Ghannoum MA (2000). Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Dermatophytes: Establishing a Medium for Inducing Conidial Growth and Evaluation of Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates. Journal Clin Microbiol 38 (1): 341-344.
Ajala TO, Femi-Oyewo MN, Odeku OA, Aina OO, Saba AB, Oridupa OO (2016). The physicochemical, safety and antimicrobial properties of Phyllanthus amarus herbal cream and ointment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation. 46: 169 -178.
Hay RJ, Calderon RA, Collins MJ (1983). Experimental Dermatophytosis: The clinical and histopathologic features of a mouse model using Trichophyton quinckeanum (Mouse favus). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 81(3): 270-274.
Qureshi SMK, Agrawal SC (1997). In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18 plant species of Chhind wara against 3 keratinophilic fungi. Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin.39: 56-60.
Bairwa K, Srivastava A, Jachak SM (2014). Quantitative analysis of Boeravinones in the root of Boerhavia diffusa by UPLC/PDA Phytochemical analysis 25(5): 415-420
Moses T., Papadopoulou KK, Osbourn (2014). Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.49(6):439-62.
Morrissey JP, Osbourn AE (1999). Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 63: 708-724.
Hassan SW, Umar RA, Ladan MJ, Nyemike P, Wasagu RSU, Lawal M, Ebbo AA (2007). Nutritive value, phytochemical and antifungal properties of Pergularia tomentosa. (Asclepiadaceae). International Journal of pharmacology 3(4):334-
Shafik IB, Sayed HH Ashgany YZ (1976). Medicinal plant constituents. 2nd ed. Central Agency for University School books. Caira, 247-273.
Jameel GH, Minnat T, Humadi AA (2014). Hematological and Histopathological Effects of Ivermectin in Treatment of Ovine Dermatophytosis in Diyala Province-Iraq. International Journal of Science and Research, 3 (11): 1389-1394. ISSN 2319-7064.
Young J, Peterson C, Venge P, Cohn Z (1986). Mechanism of membrane damage mediated eosinophil cationic protein. Nature, 321 (6070): 613-616. 89