Antimicrobial activity of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Meliaceae) stem bark in traditional dental care
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Meliaceae) stem bark is widely accepted as chewing stick in Nigeria, used as such and in management of mild mouth cavity infections.
Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate and justify the traditional use of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Meliaceae) stem bark in dental care.
Methods: The methanolic stem bark extract of P. kotschyi and its fractions were evaluated for possible antimicrobial activities against micro-organisms isolated from the teeth cavity (Staphlococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Candida albicans and Aspergillus). Agar diffusion bio assay method was employed for the study. Chlorhexidine gluconate and sterile water were used as the positive and negative control respectively.
Results: Data obtained shows a dose dependent zone of inhibition of test bacteria while insignificant or no inhibitory activity was observed for test fungi by both the extract and the fractions. Higher growth inhibitory effect were seen with the polar fractions (butanol and aqueous remainder) compared to the extract at -1 concentration of 100 mg mL . Chlorhexidine gluconate exhibited sensitivity for all tested microorganisms.
Conclusion: The study justifies the traditional use of chewing stick, P. kotschyi as an alternative in management of dental infections caused by susceptible organisms. Further study could be done to isolate and characterize the active phytochemicals present in the plant bark.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Carvalho ACB, Santos LA, Silveira D (2014). Systematic organization of medicinal plant information: a monograph template proposal.
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 24(1): 80 – 88.
Kehinde TK, Alli SO, Atayese AO, Ezeh AR (2012). Antibacterial effect of Distemonanthus benthamianus extract against some oral
pathogens. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2(2): 114-118.
Moeintaghavi A, Arab H, Khajekaramodini M (2012). In vitro antimicrobial comparison of chlorhexidine, persica mouthwash and miswak
extract. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13(2):147–152.
Akande TA, Ajao AT (2011). Chemotherapeutic values of four Nigerian chewing sticks on bacteria isolates of dental infection. Global Journal ofScience Frontier Research 11(8): 91 – 95
Rotimi VO, Laughon BE, Bartllett, JG, Mosadomi HA (1988). Activities of Nigerian chewing stick extracts against Bacteroides gingivalis and
Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 32(4): 594–600.
Ndukwe KC, Lamikanra A, Okeke IN (2004). Antibacterial activity in plants used as chewing stick in Africa. Drug of the future 29: 1221–1233.
Ndukwe KC, Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Adesina SK, Aboderin O (2005). Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of selected chewing sticks.
Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6(3): 86–94
Oviasogie FI, Ogofure AG, Beshiru A, Ologbosere OA, Omeje FI, Raphael P (2015). Effect of guava
(Psidium guajava), bitter-leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) chewing sticks and herbal toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans. Nigerian
Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 11(3): 74-79
Kishore K (2014). Monograph of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Indian Journal of Drugs 2(1): 5 – 23
Peck MT, Africa CWJ, Stephen LXG, Marnewick J, Majeed A (2011). An in-vitro analysis of the
antimicrobial efficacy of herbal toothpastes on selected primary plaque colonizers. International Int. Journal of Clinical Dental Science 2(3): 28–32.
Devi RS, Reddy SVM, Puneeth HK, Rajsekhar (2013). Role of herbs and their uses in dentistry. International journal of scientific study 1(3): 112–118 7. Ra'edi A, and Khalid A (1999). Miswak (Chewing Stick). A Cultural and Scientific Heritage. The Saudi Dental Journal 11(2): 80 –88
Rotimi VO, and Mosadomi HA (1987). The effect of crude extracts of nine African chewing sticks on oral anaerobes. Journal of Medical Microbiology 23:55 –60.
Adekunle AA. and Odukoya KA (2006). Antifungal activities of ethanol and aqueous crude extracts of four Nigerian chewing sticks. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 24–40
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM (1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrators.
Ayo RG, Audu OT, Ndukwe GI, Ogunshola AM (2010). Antimicrobial activity of extracts of leaves of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms. African Journal of Biotechnology 9(45): 7733 –7737
Asase A, Simmonds MST, Oteng-Yeboah AA, Odamtten GT (2008). Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants from
Ghana: Cassia sieberiana, Haematostaphis barteri, Mitragyna inermis and Pseudocedrela kotschi. Phytotherapy research 22: 1013–1016
Tapsoba H, Deschamps JH (2006). Use of medicinal plants for the treatment of oral diseases in Burkina Faso. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68 – 78.
Okunade MB, Adejumobi JA, Ogundiya MO, Kolapo AL (2007). Chemical, phytochemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of some
local chewing sticks used in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Phytopharmacotheraphy of Natural Product 1(1): 49 – 52
Akande JA, Hayashi Y (1998). Potency of extract contents from selected tropical chewing sticks against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus auricularis. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 14: 235 – 238
Kassim OO, Loyevsky M, Amonoo H, Lashley L, AkoNai KA, Gordeuk VR (2009). Inhibition of in-vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum by Pseudocedrela kotschyi extract alone and in combination with Fagara zanthoxyloides extract. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103: 698–702.
Hay AE, Ioset JR, Ahua KM, Diallo D, Brun R, Hostettmann K (2007). Limonoid orthoacetates and antiprotozoal compounds from the roots of Pseudocedrela kotschyi. Journal of Natural Products 70(1): 9–13.
Adeniyi CBA, Odumosu BT, Aiyelaagbe OO, Kolude B (2010). In-vitro Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Pseudocedrela kotschyi. African Journa Biomedical Research 13: 61 – 68.
Sofowora A (1993). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books, Ibadan, 150.
Abraham OJ, Odiba PA, Okpanachi E, Miachi OE, Ocheja FB (2014). Antimicrobial properties of crude ethanolic extract of Ficus exasperata root. Journal of Medical and Applied Biosciences 6(2): 11 – 20.
Akuodor GC, Essien AD, Essiet GA, David-Oku E, Akpan JL, Udoh FV (2013). Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Pseudocedrela kotschyi Schweint. Harms (Meliaceae). European Journal of Medicinal Plants 3(1): 105 – 113.
Bothon TDF, Debiton E, Avlessi F, Forestier C, Teulade J, Sohounhloue KCD (2013). In vitro biological effects of two anti-diabetic medicinal
plants used in Benin as folk medicine. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13: 1– 8.
Topazian RG, Goldberg MH, Hupp JR (2002). Oral maxillofacial infections. 4th ed Philadelphia, Pa: WB. Saunders
Lakshmi T, Krishnan V, R ajendran R , Madhusudhanan N (2015). Azadirachta indica: A herbal panacea in dentistry, an update.
Pharmacognosy Research 9(17): 41-4425. Agbulu CO, Aboje EE, Akande T (2015). Antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides root used as chewing stick (in Nigeria) on oral pathogens. International Scientific Research Journal, 1(7): 75– 81
Alhassan MA, Ibrahim M, Musa IA (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial evaluation of stem bark extract of Pseudocedrela
kotschyi (Schweinf.) Herms. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(16): 1937 – 1944.
Valenciennes E, Smadja J, Conan JY (2001). Screening for biological activity and chemical composition of Euodia bordonical var borbonica
(Rutaceae), a medicinal plant in Reunion Island. Journal of Ethnophamocology 43:283-288.