Prevalence and factors associated with depression in women living with epilepsy
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Female gender has been described as a major risk factor for depression, thus, a double problem for women with epilepsy (WWE) because the higher likelihood of developing depression. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and the factors that contribute to it, as well as to compare clinical characteristics between depressed and non-depressed WWE.
Methods: This study was designed as a case control study involving one hundred (100) WWE and fifty (50) healthy controls aged 16 years and above. Zung Self-Reported Depressive Scale (ZSRDS) was used to assess the mood, while cognitive status was assessed using the Cognitive Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID).
Results: The mean age of patients and mean age of onset of depression were 29.07±7.55 and 20.01±11.57 respectively. There was a significant difference between the Carbamazepine (CAR) and Levetiracetam (LVC) groups with regards to the mean score of total CSID score (p0.000) and its sub domains which are Language (p0.012), Memory (p0.000), Orientation (p0.035), and Attention and Calculation (p0.000). There was a statistical significant difference between depressed and not depressed groups with regards to memory (p0.000), orientation (p0.003), attention and calculation (p0.000) and total CSID (p0.000). There was a statistically significant difference between mean ZSRDS of participant with focal, generalized and no epileptiform pattern (p0.003). However, only attention and calculation predict depression (p0.010)
Conclusion: The mean ZSDRDS score was higher among those women with epilepsy compared to controls. Furthermore, the mean ZDRDS score was higher in carbamazepine compared to levetiracetam group.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Okubadejo NU, Danesi MA, Aina OF, Ojini FI, AdeyemiJD, Olorunshola DA (2007). Prospective
case-control study of interictal depression and suicidal ideation in Nigerians with epilepsy. Niger
Postgrad Med 14: 204-208.
Ogundare T, Adebowale TO, Borba CPC, Henderson DC (2020). Correlates of depression and quality of life among patients with epilepsy in Nigeria. Epilepsy Res 164: 106344.
Kanner AM (2005). Depression in Epilepsy: A Neurobiologic Perspective. Epilepsy Curr 5: 21-27.
Maguire MJ, Nevitt SJ (2019). Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual-related) epilepsy.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD013225.
Onwuekwe IO, Ekenze OS, Bzeala-Adikaibe, Ejekwu JU (2012). Depression in Patients with Epilepsy: A
Study from Enugu, South East Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2: 10-13.
Owolabi SD, Owolabi LF, Udofia O, Shehu S,(2016). Depression in patients with epilepsy in
Northwestern Nigeria: Prevalence and clinical correlates. Ann Afr Med 15: 179-184.
Coppola G, Operto FF, Matricardi S, Verrotti A, (2019). Monitoring And Managing Depression In Adolescents With Epilepsy: Current Perspectives Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 15: 2773-2780.
Ogunjimi, L., Yaria, J., Makanjuola, A., Alabi, A., Osalusi, B., Oboh, D., ... & Ogunniyi, A. (2021).
Cognitive dysfunction in Nigerian women with epilepsy on carbamazepine and levetiracetam
monotherapy. Brain and Behavior, 11(4), e02038.
Wu W, Zhang Y, Jiang J , Lucas MV , Fonzo GA, Rolle CE, Cooper C, Chin-Fatt C, Krepel N, Cornelssen CA, Wright R, Toll RT, Trivedi HM, Monuszko K, Caudle TL, Sarhadi K , Jha MK, Trombello JM, Deckersbach T, Adams P, McGrath PJ, Weissman MM, Fava M, Pizzagalli DA, Arns M, Trivedi MH, Etkin A (2020). An
electroencephalographic signature predicts antidepressant response in major depression. Nat
Biotechnol 2020; 38: 439-447.
Fadare JO, Sunmonu TA, Bankole IA, Adekeye KA, Abubakar SA (2018). Medication adherence and
adverse effect profile of antiepileptic drugs in Nigerian patients with epilepsy. Neurodegener Dis
Manag 8: 25-36.
Olusanya A, Ogunleye O, Godman B, Fadare J, Danesi M (2017). Adverse effects of carbamazepine
monotherapy among patients in Nigeria: a pilot study and implications. Journal Comp Eff Res 6: 33-
Bermeo-Ovalle A (2019). Bringing EEG Back to the Future: Use of cEEG in Neurocritical Care. Epilepsy
Curr 19: 243-245.9.Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Gaspard N, Gerard E, Svoronos A, Herman ST, Mani R, Arif H,
Jette N, Minazad Y, Kerrigan JF, Vespa P, Hantus S, Claassen J, Young GB, So E, Kaplan PW, Nuwer MR,
Fountain NB, Drislane FW (2012). American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical
Care EEG Terminology: 2012 version. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 2013; 30: 1-27.
Hirsch, LJ., LaRoche, SM., Gaspard, N., Gerard, E., Svoronos, A., Herman, ST., ... & Drislane, FW.
(2013). American clinical neurophysiology society's standardized critical care EEG terminology: 2012
version. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 30(1), 1-27.
Maganti RK, Rutecki P. EEG and epilepsy monitoring (2013). Continuum (Minneap Minn) 19: 598-622.
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L, Hirsch E, Jain S , Mathern GW,
Moshé SL, Nordli DR, Perucca E, Tomson T, Wiebe S, Zhang YH, Zuberi SM (2017). ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 58: 512- 521.
Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, Engel Jr J, Forsgren L, French JA,
Glynn M, Hesdorffer DC, Lee BI, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Scheffer IE, Tomson T, Watanabe M,
Wiebe S (2014). ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 55: 475-482.
Jokelainen J, Timonen M, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Härkönen P, Jurvelin H, Suija K (2019). Validation of the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) in older adults. Scand Journal Prim Health Care 37: 353-357.
Romera I, Delgado-Cohen H, Perez T, Caballero L, Gilaberte I (2008). Factor analysis of the Zung selfrating depression scale in a large sample of patients with major depressive disorder in primary care. BMC Psychiatry 8: 4.
Dunstan DA, Scott N, Todd AK (2017). Screening for anxiety and depression: reassessing the utility of the Zung scales. BMC Psychiatry 17: 329.
Adebayo PB, Abayomi O, Ogun SA (2014). Risk and Impact of Inter-ictal Depression on Quality of life of Nigerian Women with Epilepsy of Childbearing Age. Journal of Behavioral Health 3: 187-191.
Arinzechi EO, Ogunrin OA, Nwosu CM, Nwani PO, Enwereji KO, Asomugha LA, Dimkpa U (2019). Seizure frequency and risk of cognitive impairment in people living with epilepsy in a sub-urban community in South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 59: 98-105.
Chakrabarty T, Hadjipavlou G, Lam RW (2016). Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder:
Assessment, Impact, and Management. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ) 14: 194-206.
Murrough, JW., Iacoviello, B., Neumeister, A., Charney, DS., & Iosifescu, DV. (2011). Cognitive
dysfunction in depression: neurocircuitry and new therapeutic strategies. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96(4), 553-563.
Fuller, AT., Almojuela, A., Kaddumukasa, MN., Chakraborty, P., Smith, PJ., Kolls, BJ., . & Koltai, DC.
(2021). Hospital-based epilepsy care in Uganda: a prospective study of three major public referral
hospitals. Epilepsy & Behavior, 114, 107301.
Höller Y, Butz KHG, Thomschewski AC, Schmid EV, Hofer CD, Uhl A, Bathke AC, Staffen W, Nardone R , Schwimmbeck F, Leitinger M, Kuchukhidze G, Derner M, Fell J (2020). Trinka. Prediction of
Cognitive Decline in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Mild Cognitive Impairment by EEG, MRI, and
Neuropsychology. Comput Intell Neurosci;. DOI:10.1155/2020/8915961.