Free radical scavenging and cytotoxic effects of methanol extract of Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) seed
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) is a plant with great economic and health benefits. The plant is believed to possess diverse medicinal value among different populations.
Objective: The present study determined the radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities of the methanol seed extract of Theobroma cacao and its fractions.
Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid content and the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical spectrophotometric assays were used to determine the antioxidant potential of the T. cacao seed extracts. Cytotoxicity activity of the extracts was determined using the MTS assay against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.
Results: The seed extracts showed remarkably high scavenging effect on DPPH radical. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest scavenging effect with IC50 value of 5.00 µg/mL. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction compared to other fractions (p < 0.05). The MTS assay revealed about 17.90 % and 22.00 % reduction in MCF-7 viability after 48 h exposure to 50 µg/ml of the crude methanol extract and the petroleum ether fraction respectively.
Conclusion: The above results illustrate the antioxidant ability of cocoa seed and show its potential cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cell line. This finding however needs substantiation by further experiments.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Share
References
Anyasor GN, Aina DA, Olushola M and Aniyikaye AF (2011). Phytochemical constituent, proximate analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial and wound healing properties of leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata. Annals of Biological Research 2(2):441-451.
Edeoga HO, Okwu DE and Mbaechie BO (2009). Phytochemical constituent of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 4(7):685-688.
Clauwaert KM, Van-Bocxlaer JF, Lambert WE and De Leenheer AP (1997). Liquid chromatographic analysis of cocaine andbenzoylecgonine in plasma of traditional coca chewers from Bolivila during exercise. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 56(3):173-178
Evans WC Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 15 edn, Churchill Livingstone Harcourt publishers Limited, London, 2002.
Andreyev YA, Kushnareva YE and Starkov AA (2005). Mitochondrial Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species. Biochemistry (Moscow) 70(2):200-214.
Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M and Mazur M (2006). Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer.
Chemico-Biological Interactions 160:1-40.
Halliwell B. (2007). Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward? Biochemical Journal 401(1):1–11
Singh, N, Dhalla, AK, Seneviratne, C and Singal, PK (1995). Oxidative stress and heart failure. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 147(1):77–81.
Dean OM, van den Buuse M, Berk M, Copolov DL, Mavros C and Bush AI (2011). N-acetyl cysteine restores brain glutathione loss in combined 2-cyclohexene-1-one and Damphetamine-treated rats: relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuroscience Letters 499 (3):149–153.
Amer J, Ghoti H, Rachmilewitz E, Koren A, Levin C and Fibach E. (2006). Red blood cells, platelete and polymorphonuclear neutrophils of
patients with sickle cell disease exhibit oxidative stress that can be ameliorated by antioxidants. British Journal of Haematology 132(1):108–113.
de Diego-Otero Y, Romero-Zerbo Y, el Bekay R, Decara, J, Sanchez L, Rodriguez-de Fonseca F and del Arco-Herrera I. (2009). Alpha-tocopherol protects against oxidative stress in the fragile X knockout mouse: an experimental therapeutic approach for the Fmr1 deficiency.
Neuropsychopharmacology 34(4):1011–1026.
James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak, L, Gaylor DW and Neubrander JA. (2004). Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative
stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80(6): 1611–1617.
Duke JA, Wain KK. The Medicinal Plants of the World, Computer index with more than 85,000 entries, 1981 vol. 3.
Mehrinfar R and Frishman WH (2008). Flavanolrich cocoa: a cardioprotective nutraceutical. Cardiology in Review 16(3):109-115.
Carnesecchi S, Schneider Y, Lazarus SA, Coechio D, Gosse F and Raul F (2002). Flavonols and procyanidins of cocoa and chocolate inhabit
growth and polyamine biosynthesis of human colonic cancer cell. Cancer Letters 175 (2):147-155.
Jourdian C, Tence G, Degueray A, Troplin P and Poelman P. (2006). In vitro effects of polyphenols from cocoa and beta-sitosterol on
the growth of human prostate cancer and normal cells. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 15(4):354-361.
Messaoudi M, Bisson JF, Mejdi A, Rozan P and Javelot H (2008). Antidepressant like effect of a cocoa polyphenolic extract in wiston unilever
rats. Nutritional Neuroscience 11(6):269-276.
Ramiro-Pulg E, Casadesus G, Lee HG (2009). Neuroprotective effect of cocoa flavonoids on in vitro oxidative stress. European Journal of
Nutrition 48(1):54-61.
Wiswedel I, Hirsch D, Kropf S, Gruening M, Pfister E, Schewe T and Sies H. (2004).Flavanolrich cocoa drink lower conc in humans. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 37(3):411-421.
Kim DO, Jeong SW and Lee CY (2003). Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chemistry 81:321-326.
Ebrahimzadeh MA, Pourmorad F and Bekhradnia AR (2008). Iron chelating activity, phenol and flavonoid content of some medicinal plants from Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(18):3188-3192.
Jain A, Soni M, Deb L, Jain A, Rout SP, Gupta, VB and Krishna KL (2008). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Momordica dioica Roxb. leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115(1):61-66.
Elmastas M, Isildak O, Turkekul I and Temur N (2007). Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible
mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20:337-345.
Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI and Vuorela HJ (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1999; 47(10):3954–3962.
Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ and Paganga G (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science 4:152-159.
Hii CL, Law CL, Suzannah S, Misnawi and Cloke M (2009). Polyphenols in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Asian Journal of Food and AgroIndustry 2(04):702-722.
Locatelli M, Travaglia F, Giovannelli L, Coïsson JD, Bordiga, M, Pattarino F and Arlorio M. (2013). Clovamide and phenolics from cocoa
beans (Theobroma cacao L.) inhibit lipid peroxidation in liposomal systems. Food Research International 50:129-134.
Othman A, Ismail A, Ghani NA and Adenan I (2007). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of cocoa beans. Food Chemistry 100:1523-1530.
Cory AH, Owen TC, Barltrop JA and Cory JG (1991). Use of an aqueous soluble tetrazolium/formazan assay for cell growth assays in culture. Cancer Communications 3:207-212.
Godwin CJ, Holt SJ, Downes S and Marshall NJ (1995). Microculture tetrazolium assays: a comparison between two new tetrazolium salts, XTT and MTS. Journal of Immunological Methods 179:95-103.
Marshall NJ, Goodwin CJ and Holt SJ. (1995). A critical assessment of the use of microculture tetrazolium assays to measure cell growth and
function. Growth Regulation 5:69-84.
Satoh T, Isobe H, Ayukawa K, Sakai H and Nawata H (1996). The effects of pravastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on cell viability
and DNA production of rat hepatocytes. Life Science 59:1103-1108.
HuangKT, ChenYH, Walker AM (2004).Inaccuracies in MTS assays: major distorting effects of medium, serum albumin,and fatty acids. BioTechniques 37:406-412.
McGowan EM, Alling N, Jackson EA, Yagoub D and Haass NK (2011). Evaluation of Cell Cycle Arrest in Estrogen Responsive MCF-7 Breast
Cancer Cells: Pitfalls of the MTS Assay. PLoS ONE (6):e20623.
Wang P, Henning SM and Heber D (2010). Limitations of MTT and MTS-based assays for measurement of antiproliferative activity of green tea polyphenols. PLoS ONE 5: e10202.